Caution

You're reading the documentation for a development version. For the latest released version, please have a look at 0.9.1.

librosa.feature.delta¶

librosa.feature.delta(data, *, width=9, order=1, axis=- 1, mode='interp', **kwargs)[source]¶

Compute delta features: local estimate of the derivative of the input data along the selected axis.

Delta features are computed Savitsky-Golay filtering.

Parameters

datanp.ndarray

the input data matrix (eg, spectrogram)

widthint, positive, odd [scalar]

Number of frames over which to compute the delta features. Cannot exceed the length of data along the specified axis.

If mode='interp', then width must be at least data.shape[axis].

orderint > 0 [scalar]

the order of the difference operator. 1 for first derivative, 2 for second, etc.

axisint [scalar]

the axis along which to compute deltas. Default is -1 (columns).

modestr, {‘interp’, ‘nearest’, ‘mirror’, ‘constant’, ‘wrap’}

Padding mode for estimating differences at the boundaries.

**kwargsadditional keyword arguments

See scipy.signal.savgol_filter

Returns

delta_datanp.ndarray [shape=(…, t)]: delta matrix of data at specified order

See also

scipy.signal.savgol_filter

Notes

This function caches at level 40.

Examples

Compute MFCC deltas, delta-deltas

>>> y, sr = librosa.load(librosa.ex('libri1'), duration=5)
>>> mfcc = librosa.feature.mfcc(y=y, sr=sr)
>>> mfcc_delta = librosa.feature.delta(mfcc)
>>> mfcc_delta
array([[-5.713e+02, -5.697e+02, ..., -1.522e+02, -1.224e+02],
       [ 1.104e+01,  1.330e+01, ...,  2.089e+02,  1.698e+02],
       ...,
       [ 2.829e+00,  1.933e+00, ..., -3.149e+00,  2.294e-01],
       [ 2.890e+00,  2.187e+00, ...,  6.959e+00, -1.039e+00]],
      dtype=float32)

>>> mfcc_delta2 = librosa.feature.delta(mfcc, order=2)
>>> mfcc_delta2
array([[-1.195, -1.195, ..., -4.328, -4.328],
       [-1.566, -1.566, ..., -9.949, -9.949],
       ...,
       [ 0.707,  0.707, ...,  2.287,  2.287],
       [ 0.655,  0.655, ..., -1.719, -1.719]], dtype=float32)

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=3, sharex=True, sharey=True)
>>> img1 = librosa.display.specshow(mfcc, ax=ax[0], x_axis='time')
>>> ax[0].set(title='MFCC')
>>> ax[0].label_outer()
>>> img2 = librosa.display.specshow(mfcc_delta, ax=ax[1], x_axis='time')
>>> ax[1].set(title=r'MFCC-$\Delta$')
>>> ax[1].label_outer()
>>> img3 = librosa.display.specshow(mfcc_delta2, ax=ax[2], x_axis='time')
>>> ax[2].set(title=r'MFCC-$\Delta^2$')
>>> fig.colorbar(img1, ax=[ax[0]])
>>> fig.colorbar(img2, ax=[ax[1]])
>>> fig.colorbar(img3, ax=[ax[2]])